Since the last Ice Age, the only safe route into Canada’s interior during the winter started at the Bay of Fundy and followed the main rivers north to the St. Lawrence River through what is now New Brunswick. Aboriginal people used this route as a major highway in all seasons and the great imperial powers followed their lead.  The Grand Communications Route, as it was then called, was the only conduit for people, information and goods passing back and forth between the interior settlements and the wider world and became the backbone of empire for both England and France in their centuries of warfare over this territory.                                                                  

It was Joseph Robineau de Villebon, a commandant in Acadie, who first made strategic use of the route in time of war because he understood its importance in the struggle for North America.  A strategic link between the Atlantic colonies and Quebec, the French made extensive use of the route to communicate and move troops between the northern settlements and Fort Beauséjour, Louisbourg and Port-Royal.   

The British put great effort into maintaining and fortifying the route, building major coastal forts at Saint John to guard its entrance and erecting garrisons and blockhouses all along the way to the St Lawrence, first as a defence against the French and then to ward off the Americans.  The route also played a key role in the American Revolution as well as the Aroostook War of 1839 that saw bodies of troops lining each side of the border extending from St. Andrews (NB) and Calais (Me) to Madawaska.   

In 1842, the Grand Communications Route and the Webster-Ashburton Treaty determined the location of the Canada – US border.  It is still in use today: the Trans-Canada Highway and Route 7 follow its path. 

As well as telling the story of the Grand Communications Route from the earliest human habitation of the area, The Road to Canada describes the historic sites, forts, blockhouses and other historic remains that can still be visited today, including Martello Tower (Saint John), the Fort Hughes blockhouse (Oromocto), the Fort Fairfield
blockhouse (Fort Fairfield, Me), Le Fortin du Petit-

Sault  (Edmundston), the Fort Kent blockhouse (Fort Kent, Me) and Fort Ingall (Cabano, Qc). 

The Road to Canada is the fifth volume in the New Brunswick Military Heritage Series. Published by Goose Lane Editions in cooperation with the Military and Strategic Studies Program at the University of New Brunswick and the Canadian War Museum, this series is part of the New Brunswick Military Heritage Project.  Other volumes include Hope Restored: The American Revolution and the Founding of New Brunswick, The Siege of Beauséjour and Riding into War. 

THE AUTHOR 

Gary Campbell is presently posted to the Combat Training Centre headquarters at CFB Gagetown, New Brunswick, after serving in a variety of line and staff positions in navy, army, air force and headquarters units across Canada as well as in the United States and the United Kingdom. He has twice received the Royal Logistics Corps Review Award. He is an active member of the Orders and Medals Research Society, the Military Collectors Club of Canada, and the York-Sunbury Historical Society, and he has served on the boards of the latter two groups. 

The Road to Canada: The Grand Communications Route from Saint John to Québec

Gary Campbell

0-86492-426-7 / $14.95 CND / $12.95 US pb

Publication Date:  26 June 2005